[ Interviews: Enrique Norten ]
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Wednesday, March 18, 2009
The Story Behind Shiny Pokemon
Enrique Norten
[ Interviews: Enrique Norten ]
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[ Interviews: Enrique Norten ]
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Tuesday, March 3, 2009
The Wife Deep Throated
Sponsors Calendar About Quito BAQ2006
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:: Calendario BAQ2006 
[ Introducción :: Calendario BAQ2006 ]
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Wedding Dance Crashes Mount
[ Introduction: Information Quito ]
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Historical introduction to the city of Quito
: Background
Although commonly thought that the city of Quito originated with the English founding of 6 December 1534, there is still the place had a long history of human occupation. At the site of El Inga, close proximity to the city at the foot of the extinct volcano Ilaló, between the valleys of the squeaks and Tumbaco, was found the earliest evidence of human presence in the territory of what is now is the Republic of Ecuador, dating back at least 10,000 a. C.
modern archaeological research confirms this early occupation, since Cotocollao, north of the present city, was found a settlement Formative Period (1,500 BC), where a sedentary population lived on agriculture, hunting and fishing on the edge of a lagoon. Also known sites such as Chaupicruz, Florida, Chilibulo, and the recently discovered Chillogallo settlement on the site known as Metropolis City, at the foot of the Pichincha, different Aboriginal cultural periods that witness the continued presence of more than 12,000 years.
Closer to our time, we must remember that the ancient inhabitants of Quito on this site developed a significant market advantage by its strategic location provided them with no difficulty, resources food and luxury goods from different ecological zones.
Its location in the middle of the Andes, at an average altitude of 2,820 m, and a few miles south of the equator and with wide valleys, offered the possibility of growing two of the most important Andean food products: corn, below this level and potatoes, to the 3,000 m. Moreover, in a few days away could trace any of the two parallel branches of the Andes and reach subtropical and tropical environments, where they exchanged their products could get cotton, salt, pepper, coca, fruit, meat hunting , shellfish, fish, shells, colorful feathers, ETC. is on the western slope to the Pacific, or east, in the upper basin of the Amazon.
dwell in the pre-Columbian Quito permanent population, a temporary one and there is evidence that also would settle "mindalaes" group specializing in the marketing of products coming from outside. Also arise, as in other parts of Ecuador today, a system of "chiefdoms" or "ethnic dominions" that temporarily confederarían external threats, as seems to have happened before the Inca conquest to scratch the sixteenth century. In fact, the Incas from Cusco had arrived at the Quito area after many military engagements, and here established his northern capital, an administrative center that was intended to control the equatorial territories incorporated into their empire. Aboriginal probably occupied the site, making some buildings for military, religious and ceremonial.
Finding the Incas in the process of consolidating his conquests north, came the first news of the presence of strangely dressed individuals of different appearance and unknown weapons. Later, when they were confronted militarily by brothers Atahualpa and Huascar Tahuantinsuyo control, came the English led by Francisco Pizarro, who used the internal division in Cajamarca to catch and kill, after a rigged trial, Atahualpa, the Inca winner of the contest and thus more easily seize the immense empire.
: The English foundation
mid-1534 the English were used to fund the invasion and control of ancient Peru. Benalcázar Sebastian, one of the captains of Pizarro, on the pretext of arresting a English expedition commanded by Pedro de Alvarado, from Central America and had landed on the central coast of what is now Ecuador, left place of duty to go north and take over the territory of Quito, which he had heard the stories Aborigines were very rich and populous. For this, Benalcázar allied with the Canaris, inhabitants of the territories south of Quito, in order to address the many forces in the north who were opposing him because of its small troops could be easily defeated by the numerical superiority Quito. Canaris, in turn, saw in these temporary allies who would help them escape tyranny and Inca Quito, believing that the English were passing. After Benalcázar left
Diego de Almagro, his superior, he knew of his ambition to get your own governor. Meanwhile, Benalcázar after defeat in several battles with Indian troops, ascended to the north by the inter-Andean corridor, destroying and looting the temples and huacas (shrines). Reached the equatorial area and Aboriginal site of Quito, but found it burned and without wealth, as the indigenous leader preferred Rumiñahui destroy the place, before letting in foreign hands.
Benalcázar continued its frantic expedition and spent the Caranqui Quinche and then, some 80 km north of Quito, where an emissary of Diego de Almagro was required to return to center the country with the purpose of uniting their forces and better face the issue of Pedro de Alvarado, who was coming to the mountains, going up the western cordillera of the Andes. In fact, the presence of Alvarado threatened the control of the territory of Quito, despite the fact that his expedition had suffered great hardships during their journey through the rainforests of Costa. In these circumstances, Almagro decided to make the first foundation of a English town in the territory of what is now Ecuador, and had at first instance in order to demonstrate a legal fact accomplished against the other English expedition. In this way no one could doubt the legitimacy of the conquest made by his forces in the name of Pizarro and thus, the 15 August 1534 established the city of Santiago de Quito.
The situation disadvantageous Alvarado led him to renounce his claim and sign an agreement with Almagro, who, to consolidate his power, he founded from the city of Santiago de Quito, Villa de San Francisco de Quito on October 28, Benalcázar commending the establishment of the new population in the country chosen, 150 miles north, at the site of "people in Indian language called Quyto aora ...".
: The early hundred days
then came Benalcázar Quito for the second time on 6 December and established the town of San Francisco, in which dwelt 204 conquistadores. Population grew rapidly and became the starting point for expeditions to the four cardinal points. Since it was founded numerous cities, including Cali and Popayan north west Portoviejo and Guayaquil, Loja and Cuenca in the south and east Baeza, Avila and Archidona. Since she left in 1541 the expedition of Gonzalo Pizarro and Francisco de Orellana, culminating with the discovery by the latter of the Amazon, February 12, 1542, while Pizarro returned exhausted and naked in Quito in June 1543 having died in the thousands of Indians Quito adventure.
14 March 1541 by Royal Charter, Quito acquired city status and the January 8, 1545 the diocese was erected, thus recognizing its importance as a center of evangelism. On August 29, 1563, King Felipe II created the Royal Court and the Presidency of Quito with a very wide jurisdiction and covers an area at least five times that of the present Republic of Ecuador, historical heir of this important portion of South America.
Quito was established in the same place the indigenous settlement of two very important reasons for the small number of English: the presence of a significant native population, which have allowed labor to agriculture, services and offices, as well as an easily defensible against a possible Indian attack. The site, at the foot of the Pichincha volcano, was traversed by numerous deep ravines formed by the drainage of the heavy rainfall over the large hill. Had thus very difficult to overcome barriers and very easy to defend, especially with guns. In most of the Pichincha, located to the west, some hills surrounding the city for its other sides, so, ravines and hills efficiently replaced difficult and costly works defense, serving as moats and ramparts. In some chronic
very early mention of the streams with the term "champagne", with the intention of identifying them as artificial works by the Indians for his defense. This feature, characteristic of Quito was taken for the settlement of the coat of arms of the city, granted by Emperor Charles V in 1541, where a silver castle, topped by a cross of gold held by two eagles in flight sides , is based on two "hills or rocks, its color, with a cellar at the foot of each of them, green"
: The topography
The ancient city settled on a platform about two miles square at the foot of Pichincha, located on the northwest side, tilted toward the southeast. The platform was covered by three major creeks and their branches now virtually disappeared under the ground that reflected the heavy rainfall over the Pichincha. The southwestern end, called in Quichua Ulluguangayacu, ie the vultures gorge and then in Jerusalem, runs at the foot of the Roll and closed to the city on this side. The plant, was apparently the deepest and was called to Sanguña and later of The Tejar, served to separate the new English foundation, on the north side of the aboriginal population was on the other side, this stream was that soon disappeared. The third stream flowed from the foot of the hill of San Juan to the south, crossing the current Theatre Square, was named in this section of the Tanneries and below Itchimbía.
The three streams flow into the Machángara, river which rises several miles south of the city on the northern slopes of the Pichincha Atacazo and Southern, which runs diagonally across the plain of Chillogallo La Magdalena, turn east to meet the Bun and, deep channel, receives water from the streams of Jerusalem and El Tejar (call this stretch of Miracles and Manon), which had joined in their journey of the Itchimbía.
Pichincha is an active volcano, continuously monitored with remote sensors. It is a long mountain chain over 40 km long in the western cordillera of the Andes. Its highest peaks, the Guagua (4737 m) wide crater on the edge of assets and Rucu (4698 m) the edge of a crater off, lie to the west and several minor peaks, as Cruzloma (3974 m) or Cundurhuachana ( 4,273 m), separate from the city.
Some of this colossal mountain foothills fall on the platform where he settled in the English city, the most recognizable the hill of El Placer, just above San Francisco and Huanacauri, named by the Incas and San Juan (192) by the English, who extending towards the east, close to the north to the city in the San Blas. The eastern side is limited by the slope of Itchimbía (185) and south on the Roll, called Yavirac by the Incas.
The plain that extends south of the Roll is closed to the east by the long ridge of Puengasí - Nuns - Ilumbisí and west by the Pichincha, with the characteristic ridge of Unguia (3548 m). The plain east Iñaquito has Guanguiltagua Knoll - Catequilla (328) and the same Pichincha to the west. This plain had several gaps, which were draining the last to disappear in the first half of the twentieth century. The entire area drained by the valley of El Batan, which flows into the Machángara. This river, after receiving the waters of the creeks of the center, meets Puengasí hill, turning first to the north by a deep canyon, then back east, at the height Guápulo shrine at the foot of the Ilumbisí hill, to go into the valley of Kumbaya, after receiving the flow of the creek in El Batan.
: The trace of the city
Two weeks after the erection of the town, Benalcázar drew the grid of streets and blocks, distributed the solar founders and neighbors and religious communities in San Francisco and La Merced. Set two ejidos, one north, in the plain of south Iñaquito and another in Turubamba and in the nearby valley of Pomasqui equator stays distributed the bread first carry.
The foundation area was protected by the ravine south Sanguña, on the east by the upper stream of Tanneries in the north was San Juan Hill and the West the Pichincha. In this small portion, less than 50 ha., We plotted the primal grid. However, as was consolidated the system of colonial exploitation and the city grew, the fear of the early years of a backlash from the indigenous population began to diminish. Therefore, the broken topography that was an advantage in principle, became nuisance, as the traditional English colonial urban grid encountered difficulties imposed on it, the council must strive to build bridges of wooden beams, covered with earth to save the deep ravines and thus provide continuity to the streets of Quito.
La Plaza Mayor, Plaza Grande, traditionally called, was located on the edge of the ravine Sanguña and the space between the Creek Plaza and surrendered the land for the construction of the cathedral, then replaced by the Cathedral. Making it central to the cardinal points and ranked in the following decades the churches and convents of friars, forming a cross on the city. To the west was introduced convent and church of San Francisco in the heart of the ancient indigenous population, with the "flea market" or market square in front toward the east, San Augustine, on the north, the Mercy, and south Santo Domingo, also with a square border.
Old Indian roads into the city, on the north and south, remained in use and survive within the Historic Center without following the English grid. This is evident in the current road from Guayaquil to San Blas goes diagonally across the plaza from the theater, to play in the street grid foundation Olmedo. The same happens in the south exit, part of the corner of the Plaza de Santo Domingo to the narrowest site in the valley of the vultures, where it is crossed, to proceed to a site in the Machángara equally narrow.
so hard in this area, the grid had to adapt to the conditions of the field. On the one hand the steep slopes forced the implementation of platforms for the construction, by preemption, retaining walls and filling, trying to make the best out of the land. The central streets are relatively flat, but there are some very steep, as the "Cuesta del Sigh" two blocks from the Plaza Grande or climbing to the hill of San Juan. These streets were superseded from the second half of the nineteenth century, to reduce and improve the flush pending for horse-drawn carts. However, the biggest changes came with the arrival in the early twentieth century, automobiles produce many times the neighbors severe accessibility problems, because when you get off the street level, the houses stayed in their original levels several meters above debiéndose solving various ways this problem.
Limited as the city was the ravines and hills, with the growth of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it became necessary to fill the ravine Sanguña to gain this valuable space. The procedure used was very clever, for after the water channel running in the background, we constructed a culvert with a bed of stone and brick vault, was filled with dirt and debris, but to build on this land so poor were made many brick vaults, with other inverted vaults below, uniformly transmitting the load of new construction. Since initially to build a certain comfort is "absorbed" Sanguña the gorge in blocks longer and that in some way along the grid streets matched with certain sections of it, once covered, these blocks were longer than the rest. In the late nineteenth century began filling the valleys on the periphery, an action that continued until mid-twentieth century, leaving open only the sections near Machángara.
Actually longitudinal center streets, ie ranging from Bun to San Juan, attend counseling southwest - northeast, but for convenience we speak of streets south - north. The cross streets more or less intersect at right angles to the previous but if you look carefully a map of the historic center, it is clear the irregularity of the path, so that many of the blocks have a trapezoidal shape.
Another factor that altered the regularity of the checkerboard, was the presence of large convent property, which prevented the continuation of many streets. But the grid changed direction when passing peripheral streams, as the streets should follow the ways of the hills, as in the case of the blocks at the foot of the Roll or Itchimbía. There are two sections of the city with its own orientation, which results from the occupation of the hills southeast of the center. The Call Loma Grande, after the convent of Santo Domingo, is bounded on the west by the creek and east Jerusalem, with that of Manon or de los Milagros, having drawn on the top of Main Street long and short side streets spilling into the valleys. The same plot is given in the hills of San Marcos but the streams that limit, west of the Miracles and east of the Itchimbía, join the final, so some of the smallest streets, turn around along the horizontal.
: Quito's economy
In the early years of the colonial economy of the region of Quito was oriented towards mining, but controversies between miners and trustees for the exploitation of indigenous labor, hard and annihilating it meant the mining work and the reduced quality of metals led to stagnation in this activity.
Moreover, the explosive development of mining in Peru and Potosí reoriented the economy of the Real Audiencia de Quito mainly to the large textile mills of the north central Sierra, which had started in the last third of the sixteenth century . Both the manufacturing and marketing of the fabrics had special prominence in the seventeenth century, with the local Indian market and in general the Viceroyalty of Peru as their target. This Quito way joined in a complex commercial network developed from the silver mining in Potosi mine shaft, but also reached as far north as Panama, and Cartagena de Indias Portovelo, where goods were introduced to Castilla Quito territory. Of economic surplus from the sale of textiles and other major manufacturers, such as imagery and painting, is that resources were obtained for the implementation of the magnificent architecture and works of art, focused almost exclusively on religion , which took place in Quito in nearly three centuries of colonial period.
should not forget that coastal agricultural exports began in the eighteenth century, especially with large shipments of cocoa, and also the yard's activities boost the economy of Guayaquil, Quito, but the impact was minor.
: colonial architecture
religion exerted great influence in the life of colonial society. The Catholic Church dominated both their spiritual and material power and political in the personal and collective life, profoundly relations, customs and human consciousness. In addition, the city layout and architecture were made from their spiritual interests and temporary. Therefore, the company began serving the Church was the most valuable thing: his children, his wealth and creativity, all for "greater glory of God."
Religious architecture was the most important. It used the best materials, techniques developed great skill and extraordinary artistic sensibility. Thus grew temples and monasteries, chapels and shrines, and secluded monasteries, all filled with splendid sculptures, beautiful paintings, rich ornaments and silverware. For this work was incorporated at a very early date labor indigenous and mestizo, he learned quickly to use new tools, unknown materials like brick and limestone and new construction systems, dominated by large wooden ceilings, arches, domes and cupolas. It is noteworthy that the Spaniards systematically shunned manual activities and in particular those related to construction.
is essential to remember that architecture Quito was structurally conditioned by the high seismicity of the territory, which led to the development of less slender buildings. The tremors and earthquakes also affected in one way or another to the buildings already erected and in many cases large areas affected, forcing costly repairs that took advantage in many opportunities to expand or improve the existing artistically.
two periods are distinguished monumental religious architecture of Quito. The first, ranging from the founding until the early seventeenth century, is dominated by longitudinal spaces compartmentalized, with clear Mudejar influence, where the ships were covered with Moorish armor loop. The decorative elements and composition of the facades are generally Mannerist patterns, where it is clear the use of architectural treatises, being the clearest example and important church of San Francisco (110). The second period began with the construction of the church of the Society of Jesus (77), in which used barrel vault to cover the ship and raises a mate on the cruise, baroque style dominating schemes.
should be noted that neither the Baroque and other styles in there was a transposition of European schematic, there was rather a strong local reinterpretation of American character, Andes and Quito. No known plants were used "moving", so typical of the Baroque, as seen in Rome, but the Latin cross. The interiors of the churches were filled with abundance and richness of imagery and decorations. It is essential to remember that most of these works of art had a didactic function. The form of use of architectural and urban spaces marked the Baroque: processions, bullfights, music, dances and costumes, fireworks, plays, etc., Changed the atmosphere of the city, where squares, streets and churches , is full of forms, movement and sensation.
As one art historian:
"When pre-Columbian civilizations disappeared, leaving a fascinating ensemble of objects that have not yet revealed all its secrets ... with the coming of the English and the conquest of Quito, much of the existing sculpture was destroyed, covered, and new geological layers to hide oldest. "
" The English brought all the baggage of their civilization: language and customs, bureaucracy and religion, philosophy and social hierarchies. ... What began as a hostile confrontation between the conquerors and conquered, evolved into a creative amalgam, so that when the English were finally forced to withdraw, was an indelible cultural imprint. "
" ... in the city he was clearly a new and predominant European orientation. The English had introduced a new atmosphere, urban, and it was here took place the most significant transformations. In the city there was the synthesis the mixing of different ethnic currents: English, Indian and black, had its greatest effect here, here met and merged several ideological currents. It was here in a silent moment their sides began to work in unison, so mysterious, and the city began to have its own soul. Here also heard the first cries of freedom and here we won the last battle for political autonomy. "
" It was also the city where the arts flourished, and flourished in Quito itself, because the concentration of monuments is such as well as the wealth of religious art, the historical center of Quito has been declared World Heritage, a heritage that all humanity can share. Although today is hard to find old Gothic vaults, monuments like the church and monastery of San Francisco stand as vivid memory of the Italian Renaissance and the magnificent facade of the Jesuit church of the Company, hailed the baroque. Among the numerous churches Quito save a treasure made up of paintings, ornaments, silver, wood-carved altarpieces, (y) sculptures ... "
(Gabrielle G. Palmer: Sculpture in the Audiencia of Quito)
: The image of the city
Accompanying architecture monumental, they were building modest homes at the beginning of a single plant and other religious buildings, such as parishes, closing monasteries, convents collection, chapels of private devotions, etc.
residential architecture, as opposed to religious architecture, was very simple, we decided to put the examples Andalusian central courtyard and corridors, the atmosphere of Quito. We searched for practical solutions to primarily meet the needs of shelter, safety and privacy of the family. Were used modest materials such as adobe and wood, with such success that the model, without major changes, was passed from generation to generation until the first decades of the twentieth century. Also built several other buildings including the hospital or the Royal Houses.
All this architecture is framed in a particular natural scenery, the landscape is always present in the green hills and mountains that surround it. The vagaries of topography Quito cause a myriad of views and perspectives and from this natural vantage points from which to admire beautiful panoramic view over the city are on the horizon of the snowy white moles.
It cited art historian states:
"The ancient whitewashed buildings and sloping tiled roofs, creating a rhythmic movement down to empty the sides of Pichincha, the dormant volcano that rises above the city. A sacred eighth highest rise the domes and towers of the numerous monasteries and churches that are at the heart of colonial Quito ... As a serious and measured ecclesiastical chess match, each order discreetly moves within its own domain, even if each of its members navigate within the compass of his pious life and dedicated. The great doors of the churches embrace deep shadows, and once inside, its high vaulted spaces resonate with the massive thunder mass prayer and sparkling golden altarpieces with the dim light of candles. "
" Although the churches are always full of life, their clau Stros ¬ respond to a quieter time. Its ancient walls that isolate the devotional life of the temptations of the nearby world stunned, keep oaths of silence and abstinence. In the convents of nuns, exquisite arched galleries reflect each other, silently, through the geometric gardens tidy. Contain a patient's daily prayer wheel, which affects a whisper wrap up and down endless, the pulse of life itself, the soft sound of her heart. Invoking a primitive rite, eliciting a rhythmic dirge of the soul. From within this ardent Catholic faith, with its special intensity and fervor English proselytizing born Quito colonial art. "
(Gabrielle G. Palmer: Idem)
: Quito, Ecuador's capital
libertarian movements in the English colonies in America began on August 10, 1809, with the proclamation Quito a Sovereign Board, independent of the English. After a fierce struggle, independence was sealed in the Battle of Pichincha on May 24, 1822, when American troops led by General Antonio José de Sucre triumphed over the royalists, led by General Melchor Aymerich. After a few years belong to the great dream of Gran Colombia, devised by the genius of Simon Bolivar, and to his political failure, the May 13, 1830 was established in Quito of Ecuador and this city is ratified as the new state capital.
The early years of republican life was very difficult due to the leader's interests and economic bankruptcy, resulting from the long wars of independence. Quito's situation did not change but when the state's economy recovered and got some political stability.
From 1860, with President Gabriel García Moreno, began modernizing changes in the city and country. In Quito, improved streets and squares in the center and incorporated some green areas to the delight of the stale landed aristocracy and the emerging merchant class. To meet its project architects made use of some Europeans who hired who, together with the Jesuit scientists who established the Polytechnic School, not only built a few public buildings, but also formed the first national architects.
late nineteenth century, the city was approaching 50,000. The new architectural models, which broke the English colonial tradition, distinguished by the use of neoclassic lines characterized by the sober Italian or German-inspired lines.
June 25 opened the 1908 regular train service between Quito and the port of Guayaquil, which ended the isolation of the capital. It expanded the commercial area, accelerated internal migration, we created a basic infrastructure (water, sewer, electricity, trams, telephones, etc..) And came up with new strength in the architecture model that incorporated new materials such as Portland cement and iron, at first using the same railroad tracks.
European architects The presence of immigrants or passing some Quito and trained in the old continent were widely made in new buildings the use of Eclecticism. However, in the construction of temples that were built replacing old colonial structures or undervalued in the reconstruction of others who had suffered from the earthquakes of 1859 and 1868, was preferably used Neo-Gothic or Romanesque. With the strengthening of public finances in the first decades of the twentieth century the city developed in some major equipment projects by the state, referring specifically to the area of \u200b\u200beducation and health.
The rapid development of coastal agricultural exports led to a remarkable growth of Guayaquil, which reached 70,000 inhabitants at the beginning of the twentieth century, while Quito exceeded 50,000. From this time the port grew at a faster rate, far outpacing the capital to become a major center of agricultural and industrial development, attracting much of the impoverished population of the Sierra. Moreover, in the first decades of the century began in Quito a gradual change in the center.
The city had grown steadily since the 1920's, joining the urban structure of the colonial town of La Magdalena, south, following the Bun. Moreover, the upper classes sought new forms of land use, because their lifestyle had changed dramatically in relation to their parents and grandparents, and nineteenth century structures or colonial aphthous did not meet their expectations. With modernity came new and unexpected concept called "comfort" and this led to the gradual abandonment of the center, rising in the northern suburbs of the "developments" of old houses and estates privately within the framework of "garden city" with detached houses, wide avenues with trees, etc. This was made possible by the emergence of a new protagonist in urban life: the automobile. The spaces that were abandoned in the center were quickly cornered by immigrants from nearby provinces as tenants, thus beginning the process of deterioration of the old city, it grew population density significantly.
1940, the urban space of the city was clearly divided into social classes: the south, the station attracted a fledgling industrial park and this the proletariat and a poor middle class, the center continued as administrative and commercial hub of the city with a large population of middle class, and the north would house the bourgeoisie in their new neighborhoods. This division is devoted few years after the first master plan for the city, which sought to define their future. With the expansion of the city, the urban space of concentric spent in the old city, linear, constrained by the limitations topography, growing especially towards the north.
In short, the plan drawn up by Uruguayan architect Guillermo Jones Odriozola between 1942 and 1944, sought an urban expansion to the existing 4.5 times (975 ha) and a population of 700,000 for 2000. It was suggested functional division of the city from three key activities: housing, jobs and recreation, corresponding to the spatial configuration of the city, working-south, and residential media-center-north, the definition of a new administrative center functional centers religious, commercial, administrative, academic and sports related to each other through large arterial roads, and a significant allocation of space for schools, recreation and development pathways. Although the plan could not be implemented fully because of its high cost, due to the huge proportion of public areas for the equipment, its general guidelines shaped the city for the next half century.
residential architecture of the city at that time was enriched by the presence of new European architects who fled the political plight of the Old Continent sought refuge in the country, making some unique projects. They introduced new design concepts related to the most advanced current architecture Europe, especially with the Bauhaus. However, these models are not generalized, because the local builders, many of them without formal training, were very attached to traditional forms of Eclectic architecture. University studies are limited to civil engineering, architecture briefly educate themselves, especially on issues of history of styles.
However, some civil engineering professionals had special fondness for the architectural design and personal study skills, became acceptable architects who worked primarily on architectural designs Neocolonial, current at that time deeply rooted in Quito.
later created the School of Architecture, affiliated to the Faculty of Engineering of the Universidad Central del Ecuador, becoming independent in 1959, when he established the School of Architecture and Urbanism. Its foundation was made possible through the efforts of professionals trained Quito in the United States, who along with other foreign architects based in Quito became his first teachers. In this way the city began in academic training in architecture and the systematic introduction of modern thought and international forms.
However, all these changes meant the generalization of models and systems modern in the city, because until the mid-twentieth century continued use, especially popular in architecture, techniques and materials of colonial origin, such as adobe and lime, these types of construction represent the largest volume of work due to the self.
In urban planning terms, given the evidence that Jones Odriozola plan had been implemented on a partial and only once had the top local professionals after the creation of the Faculty of Architecture and Planning, the Municipality undertook in 1967 a new regulatory plan. The visible results of this new instrument had to do primarily with the regulation: land use (minimum dimensions and room for lots, building height, retreats, coefficients of intensity and land use, etc.) zoning, population distribution, location of equipment in city, neighborhood and neighborhood, and the study of a larger system of routes with two longitudinal axes, one on each side of the city, interconnected with five cross-cutting steps. Attracted special attention in the assessment plan and proposal for the Historic Center.
: Historical Center and the metropolitan area (1973-1990)
Unlike other American cities America, urban development during the twentieth century until 1970 not played mostly the old part of Quito, Ecuador for when the economy had improved significantly, to enter oil exploration as key item, the city had grown especially to the north. It was this sector which received a great rush construction, saving the center of an urban renewal, such as had occurred in other Latin American cities.
The old part of the city was enriched by the contributions architectural built after the colonial period, although between 30 and 70, some buildings with reinforced concrete structure broke their unity, especially by reaching new heights and the volumes of "box" they used. Also caused serious losses in the built heritage, the demolition of the ancient walls of the Monastery of the Conception and the overthrow of the old city hall and the adjacent houses in the Plaza Grande. Fortunately, even though Jones Odriozola plan proposed to facilitate the transit street widening Venezuela and Guayaquil-spanning longitudinally-central, few new buildings were built in the historic area by the lack of resources. Those who rose above are set back from the factory line, leaving some "teeth" in these streets, but they failed to alter their appearance. Moreover, the urban structure is largely preserved, although some parts were damaged, paradoxically per share in the same municipality. The construction of road tunnels in West and transit facilities at its ends within the Historic Center, and the opening of the Avenida Pichincha, from San Blas to the Marina, are the two works that had more impact. Despite these attacks, or following them in the city gradually developed a preservationist consciousness, by the lone voices crying coming from previous decades.
Legal actions for the protection of the historic center were implemented in various municipal ordinances on improved since 1967. The enacted in 1984 incorporated some unique homogeneous and isolated buildings built between 1930 and 1950. Moreover, cultural values \u200b\u200baccumulated in this urban area, amid a landscape of outstanding natural beauty and its good condition, led to Unesco in 1978 declared the Historic Center of Quito, or belonging to cultural heritage of humanity.
By 1973 we defined a new proposal for land use planning, with a choice of density and spatial decentralization of development area Metropolitan Quito, with a trend to expand treatment, housing, social integration, residential, industrial development, traffic and transportation. This plan raised the first regional conceptualization of the city (metropolitan area of \u200b\u200bQuito). The territory was acting on more than 100,000 ha, being about 7,000, urban.
In 1981 another plan was formulated largely sustained in the former. This time wanted to have an instrument of urban and legal system designed to monitor, standardize and streamline the physical development of the city and its metropolitan area. Expected for the year 2000 an area close to 120,000 ha, with a more than three million population and city limits of around 9,000 hectares for a population of 1.5 million inhabitants. This plan had no application, because the reality exceeded expectations, so that no additional phases planned continued.
: The current situation
In the last quarter century Quito endured rapid population growth and profound transformation of its urban structure, as evidenced by the appearance of peripheral squatter settlements, a tertiary Historical Center and its rapid overcrowding. Noteworthy is the development of dormitory towns in the surrounding valleys, a phenomenon that has transformed Quito in a metropolitan area with properties covering over 100,000 hectares and has a population of more than 2'200 .000, .000 1'800 corresponding to the urban area.
However, more than 36,000 ha are vacant due to speculative game of trading land. As a logical consequence of this phenomenon, the average density of Quito decreases each year, because despite the increase in population by almost 100,000 inhabitants per year and another day for temporary migration, unoccupied areas increase, causing the urban perimeter extended to push their limits to inappropriate areas to live because of geological risk, volcanic, seismic or being of ecological or landscape conservation, recreation, steep slopes, etc. This has led to very difficult for the municipal government for failure to extend the network infrastructure and providing basic services to an ever-expanding area, as at the beginning of the twenty-first century the city is close to 50 km in length.
This state is reflected in the accumulated housing deficit, exceeding 90,000 units, a historical center where an estimated 80,000 people living in slum conditions and about 300,000 in squatter suburbs, as opposed a minority which enjoys all the services and facilities in the city.
In 1988, the municipal government initiated a policy of regaining control over growth and city government, the spirit that has remained in successive administrations. To this end, it raised various programs, based on the need for a new administrative structure, so the project was legal recognition of the Metropolitan District to control the actual area involved in the metropolitan area developed in the last quarter century and is dispersed under the administration of various municipalities and other decentralized government institutions, as well as private initiative. This new organization aims to clarify the role of Quito and the District within the territorial organization, regional and national levels and was approved by Act of Congress in December 1993, but without involving neighboring municipalities or alter their boundaries, as legislators wanted to avoid political problems. At the same time, the municipality of Quito developed policies of democratization in the management and city administration, decentralization, to strengthen the municipality within the structure of government and citizen participation fostered.
The Territorial Development Plan of Quito, with insights to 2020, is a set of analysis and policies in order to foster the development of the city. Although metropolitan center, Quito suffers from problems like an imperfect transport system, environmental degradation and a confused identity: a "set of microidentidades" rather than an identity of Quito, to say the studies of the Directorate General of Planning. Once detected these symptoms, among others, the Municipality has proposed to balance the population distribution, provide the transport system of the city's best routes and obsolescence-free units and clean environment. Since the creation of the Metropolitan District Law and the Law of Decentralization (in this national context), the organization and functioning of local government has achieved as the expansion of the transport system through the trolley and rehabilitation of important areas that are part of the artistic heritage of the city.
With government plans to give the city a better position are more comprehensive. For the year 2020 has established a demand for more than 200,000 new housing, the care it would start as from 2000, the repair of 4,500 units and the construction of about 22,900 homes each year. It is estimated that this year in the Metropolitan district will live 3'300 .000 people in an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 420,000 hectares. In addition to these factors is included in the management plan the rehabilitation of several metropolitan subcenters as the Equator, Carapungo or Oyambaro, where they built the new airport. The valleys of Kumbaya, Tumbaco and Los Chillos, near Quito, will also be enabled. Quito has no areas for development, as Nanegal, Nanegalito, Perucho or San José de Minas, which deserve special attention for their value ecosystem, agricultural or cultural history.
In addition to general and rehabilitation projects of historic and artistic heritage, plans for Quito include "equipment productive ": enabling markets, a new city airport and a convention and exhibition center at the current airport, among others, and" recreational equipment "watershed sanitation (Machángara, Monjas, San Pedro, Chiche) and Under parks (Metropolitan Itchimbía Inca Trail linear park). The adoption of this plan depends on the City Council of the Metropolitan District of Quito.
: Historic Preservation Center Then
a long period of neglect and abandonment, both national authorities and in the same municipality, in the 1988 took the decision to intervene in the historical center, due to the serious consequences of the earthquakes in March 1987. In the great monuments, more than damage to bell towers and domes, appeared old injuries accumulated over an intense seismic hidden by cosmetic interventions. In residential architecture became apparent especially in the dissemination of journalism, not just the physical damage to earthquakes, but also caused severe disruptions to the old houses by the unplanned growth and lack of minimal maintenance, as well as demonstrated the social ills of poverty, urban blight and overcrowding.
The City began its new policy toward the historic center developing a "Master of Rehabilitation Plan" for the purpose of providing comprehensive treatment to historic development, combining the safeguarding, preservation and rehabilitation. To be created by Act of the National Fund for Cultural Heritage Salvage (FONSAL) for exclusive use in safeguarding the cultural heritage of Quito, was responsible for administration of City Hall and proposed actions aimed primarily at the rehabilitation of public areas architectural restoration. In general the FONSAL figures with annual resources of about 1.5 million dollars and has carried out some 400 projects until 2000.
This intense local efforts facilitated the participation of international institutions (UNESCO, Inter-American Development Bank, JP Getty Foundation, etc.) And the cooperation of friendly governments and other agencies as the Board of Andalusia, in the conservation effort and development of this good of humanity. Most notable was the development of consciousness of the inhabitants of Quito towards the protection of cultural heritage.
studies and projects implemented by the Municipality FONSAL and can be grouped into monumental restoration, improvement of infrastructure; transport and equipment peatonización, technical and technological development, informal trade, allocation, renewal and improvement of urban infrastructure, tourism development, culture and dissemination, environmental protection and landscape administrative decentralization.
housing rehabilitation holds a special place, as in the historic center has its own peculiarities. In Ecuador, the law charges the Central Government housing issues and not to municipalities. For this reason the works executed by the Municipality in this field are made solely on municipal or other properties that do not entail legal obstacles, because the conditions of tenure and occupation of the tenancies are very complex.
intervention
The best known example is the "Casa de los Siete Patios" (119), considered one of the most characteristic Quito houses. It was acquired by the Municipality in 1971, not only for its symbolic value in the historical center, but also that accommodate more than 300 people, the City intended to contribute to solving the problems of overcrowding. However, this decision was not just a populist and rhetorical act, because nothing was done for years. The deterioration was progressive house, remaining practically in the hands of tenants, who made great efforts to preserve it. 20 years after its acquisition, the City began its rehabilitation through their commitment and the decisive contribution of the Junta de Andalucía, both the agency's experience in similar projects as a significant economic contribution. Part of the recovered resources are invested now in new housing rehabilitation projects, such as the "Casa Ponce" and "Penalillo", also in collaboration with the Andalusian. In other urban and social context, on the northern edge of the Historic Center with the cooperation of the French NGO Pact Arim, City Hall is developing rehabilitation projects in various buildings on the streets Caldas and Briceno.
After accumulating experience, the City insisted on more ambitious projects of greater scope and significance, to produce a wider impact in the Historic Center. For this purpose made a project funded by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) for heritage conservation and economic revival and social center. The study identified more than 40 privately owned properties, with the participation of their owners, could be restored and integrated into the rehabilitation process with many uses residential, commercial and services that could generate new initiatives in the area.
To carry out this project, Development Company created the Historic Center (ECH), an institution with the participation of private capital which is responsible for managing the funds of the IDB, which together with local contributions exceeded $ 51 million suitability for urban programs: improving infrastructure, equipment and furniture, sanitation, urban quality: decontamination, cleaning, security, etc., economic management, institutional strengthening cultural appropriation. On the other hand must be coordinated to achieve participatory project for the improvement of public safety, traffic, tourism and others, in order to get a habitable environment.
: final reflection
By looking at the distant city from Paris in 1920, the intellectual pondering Zaldumbide Gonzalo Quito to overthrow the absurd purpose of building of the former Jesuit university, built in the mid seventeenth century:
"...¿ be that far away is best learned to love? It finds itself far away as much as others and also that it is outside - even beautiful, magnificent , incomparable - you needed to fill essential: to be ours, that first of all, after all, is to be ours. Found not to have but one heart to love, and this is the image and likeness of birth: you can not love it but the same, although sometimes fascinates us so different ... "
" Let us So do the same to be his own, without asking for more, than anything else because we will perhaps in addition. And let us all, all, one more, which less, we are the prodigal son of something, someone, everyone back to the first love, our parents' house. And that far back, the better test. "Gonzalo Zaldumbide
: Reflections after Centennial celebrations
Alfonso Ortiz Crespo
Quito, February 2001
: Illustrious Metropolitan District of Quito
: FONSAL
: Institute of the City Corporation
: Life
Quito: CORPAQ
:: Culture Quito
: Official Tourism Site Quito
Historical introduction to the city of Quito
: Background
Although commonly thought that the city of Quito originated with the English founding of 6 December 1534, there is still the place had a long history of human occupation. At the site of El Inga, close proximity to the city at the foot of the extinct volcano Ilaló, between the valleys of the squeaks and Tumbaco, was found the earliest evidence of human presence in the territory of what is now is the Republic of Ecuador, dating back at least 10,000 a. C.
modern archaeological research confirms this early occupation, since Cotocollao, north of the present city, was found a settlement Formative Period (1,500 BC), where a sedentary population lived on agriculture, hunting and fishing on the edge of a lagoon. Also known sites such as Chaupicruz, Florida, Chilibulo, and the recently discovered Chillogallo settlement on the site known as Metropolis City, at the foot of the Pichincha, different Aboriginal cultural periods that witness the continued presence of more than 12,000 years.
Closer to our time, we must remember that the ancient inhabitants of Quito on this site developed a significant market advantage by its strategic location provided them with no difficulty, resources food and luxury goods from different ecological zones.
Its location in the middle of the Andes, at an average altitude of 2,820 m, and a few miles south of the equator and with wide valleys, offered the possibility of growing two of the most important Andean food products: corn, below this level and potatoes, to the 3,000 m. Moreover, in a few days away could trace any of the two parallel branches of the Andes and reach subtropical and tropical environments, where they exchanged their products could get cotton, salt, pepper, coca, fruit, meat hunting , shellfish, fish, shells, colorful feathers, ETC. is on the western slope to the Pacific, or east, in the upper basin of the Amazon.
dwell in the pre-Columbian Quito permanent population, a temporary one and there is evidence that also would settle "mindalaes" group specializing in the marketing of products coming from outside. Also arise, as in other parts of Ecuador today, a system of "chiefdoms" or "ethnic dominions" that temporarily confederarían external threats, as seems to have happened before the Inca conquest to scratch the sixteenth century. In fact, the Incas from Cusco had arrived at the Quito area after many military engagements, and here established his northern capital, an administrative center that was intended to control the equatorial territories incorporated into their empire. Aboriginal probably occupied the site, making some buildings for military, religious and ceremonial.
Finding the Incas in the process of consolidating his conquests north, came the first news of the presence of strangely dressed individuals of different appearance and unknown weapons. Later, when they were confronted militarily by brothers Atahualpa and Huascar Tahuantinsuyo control, came the English led by Francisco Pizarro, who used the internal division in Cajamarca to catch and kill, after a rigged trial, Atahualpa, the Inca winner of the contest and thus more easily seize the immense empire.
: The English foundation
mid-1534 the English were used to fund the invasion and control of ancient Peru. Benalcázar Sebastian, one of the captains of Pizarro, on the pretext of arresting a English expedition commanded by Pedro de Alvarado, from Central America and had landed on the central coast of what is now Ecuador, left place of duty to go north and take over the territory of Quito, which he had heard the stories Aborigines were very rich and populous. For this, Benalcázar allied with the Canaris, inhabitants of the territories south of Quito, in order to address the many forces in the north who were opposing him because of its small troops could be easily defeated by the numerical superiority Quito. Canaris, in turn, saw in these temporary allies who would help them escape tyranny and Inca Quito, believing that the English were passing. After Benalcázar left
Diego de Almagro, his superior, he knew of his ambition to get your own governor. Meanwhile, Benalcázar after defeat in several battles with Indian troops, ascended to the north by the inter-Andean corridor, destroying and looting the temples and huacas (shrines). Reached the equatorial area and Aboriginal site of Quito, but found it burned and without wealth, as the indigenous leader preferred Rumiñahui destroy the place, before letting in foreign hands.
Benalcázar continued its frantic expedition and spent the Caranqui Quinche and then, some 80 km north of Quito, where an emissary of Diego de Almagro was required to return to center the country with the purpose of uniting their forces and better face the issue of Pedro de Alvarado, who was coming to the mountains, going up the western cordillera of the Andes. In fact, the presence of Alvarado threatened the control of the territory of Quito, despite the fact that his expedition had suffered great hardships during their journey through the rainforests of Costa. In these circumstances, Almagro decided to make the first foundation of a English town in the territory of what is now Ecuador, and had at first instance in order to demonstrate a legal fact accomplished against the other English expedition. In this way no one could doubt the legitimacy of the conquest made by his forces in the name of Pizarro and thus, the 15 August 1534 established the city of Santiago de Quito.
The situation disadvantageous Alvarado led him to renounce his claim and sign an agreement with Almagro, who, to consolidate his power, he founded from the city of Santiago de Quito, Villa de San Francisco de Quito on October 28, Benalcázar commending the establishment of the new population in the country chosen, 150 miles north, at the site of "people in Indian language called Quyto aora ...".
: The early hundred days
then came Benalcázar Quito for the second time on 6 December and established the town of San Francisco, in which dwelt 204 conquistadores. Population grew rapidly and became the starting point for expeditions to the four cardinal points. Since it was founded numerous cities, including Cali and Popayan north west Portoviejo and Guayaquil, Loja and Cuenca in the south and east Baeza, Avila and Archidona. Since she left in 1541 the expedition of Gonzalo Pizarro and Francisco de Orellana, culminating with the discovery by the latter of the Amazon, February 12, 1542, while Pizarro returned exhausted and naked in Quito in June 1543 having died in the thousands of Indians Quito adventure.
14 March 1541 by Royal Charter, Quito acquired city status and the January 8, 1545 the diocese was erected, thus recognizing its importance as a center of evangelism. On August 29, 1563, King Felipe II created the Royal Court and the Presidency of Quito with a very wide jurisdiction and covers an area at least five times that of the present Republic of Ecuador, historical heir of this important portion of South America.
Quito was established in the same place the indigenous settlement of two very important reasons for the small number of English: the presence of a significant native population, which have allowed labor to agriculture, services and offices, as well as an easily defensible against a possible Indian attack. The site, at the foot of the Pichincha volcano, was traversed by numerous deep ravines formed by the drainage of the heavy rainfall over the large hill. Had thus very difficult to overcome barriers and very easy to defend, especially with guns. In most of the Pichincha, located to the west, some hills surrounding the city for its other sides, so, ravines and hills efficiently replaced difficult and costly works defense, serving as moats and ramparts. In some chronic
very early mention of the streams with the term "champagne", with the intention of identifying them as artificial works by the Indians for his defense. This feature, characteristic of Quito was taken for the settlement of the coat of arms of the city, granted by Emperor Charles V in 1541, where a silver castle, topped by a cross of gold held by two eagles in flight sides , is based on two "hills or rocks, its color, with a cellar at the foot of each of them, green"
: The topography
The ancient city settled on a platform about two miles square at the foot of Pichincha, located on the northwest side, tilted toward the southeast. The platform was covered by three major creeks and their branches now virtually disappeared under the ground that reflected the heavy rainfall over the Pichincha. The southwestern end, called in Quichua Ulluguangayacu, ie the vultures gorge and then in Jerusalem, runs at the foot of the Roll and closed to the city on this side. The plant, was apparently the deepest and was called to Sanguña and later of The Tejar, served to separate the new English foundation, on the north side of the aboriginal population was on the other side, this stream was that soon disappeared. The third stream flowed from the foot of the hill of San Juan to the south, crossing the current Theatre Square, was named in this section of the Tanneries and below Itchimbía.
The three streams flow into the Machángara, river which rises several miles south of the city on the northern slopes of the Pichincha Atacazo and Southern, which runs diagonally across the plain of Chillogallo La Magdalena, turn east to meet the Bun and, deep channel, receives water from the streams of Jerusalem and El Tejar (call this stretch of Miracles and Manon), which had joined in their journey of the Itchimbía.
Pichincha is an active volcano, continuously monitored with remote sensors. It is a long mountain chain over 40 km long in the western cordillera of the Andes. Its highest peaks, the Guagua (4737 m) wide crater on the edge of assets and Rucu (4698 m) the edge of a crater off, lie to the west and several minor peaks, as Cruzloma (3974 m) or Cundurhuachana ( 4,273 m), separate from the city.
Some of this colossal mountain foothills fall on the platform where he settled in the English city, the most recognizable the hill of El Placer, just above San Francisco and Huanacauri, named by the Incas and San Juan (192) by the English, who extending towards the east, close to the north to the city in the San Blas. The eastern side is limited by the slope of Itchimbía (185) and south on the Roll, called Yavirac by the Incas.
The plain that extends south of the Roll is closed to the east by the long ridge of Puengasí - Nuns - Ilumbisí and west by the Pichincha, with the characteristic ridge of Unguia (3548 m). The plain east Iñaquito has Guanguiltagua Knoll - Catequilla (328) and the same Pichincha to the west. This plain had several gaps, which were draining the last to disappear in the first half of the twentieth century. The entire area drained by the valley of El Batan, which flows into the Machángara. This river, after receiving the waters of the creeks of the center, meets Puengasí hill, turning first to the north by a deep canyon, then back east, at the height Guápulo shrine at the foot of the Ilumbisí hill, to go into the valley of Kumbaya, after receiving the flow of the creek in El Batan.
: The trace of the city
Two weeks after the erection of the town, Benalcázar drew the grid of streets and blocks, distributed the solar founders and neighbors and religious communities in San Francisco and La Merced. Set two ejidos, one north, in the plain of south Iñaquito and another in Turubamba and in the nearby valley of Pomasqui equator stays distributed the bread first carry.
The foundation area was protected by the ravine south Sanguña, on the east by the upper stream of Tanneries in the north was San Juan Hill and the West the Pichincha. In this small portion, less than 50 ha., We plotted the primal grid. However, as was consolidated the system of colonial exploitation and the city grew, the fear of the early years of a backlash from the indigenous population began to diminish. Therefore, the broken topography that was an advantage in principle, became nuisance, as the traditional English colonial urban grid encountered difficulties imposed on it, the council must strive to build bridges of wooden beams, covered with earth to save the deep ravines and thus provide continuity to the streets of Quito.
La Plaza Mayor, Plaza Grande, traditionally called, was located on the edge of the ravine Sanguña and the space between the Creek Plaza and surrendered the land for the construction of the cathedral, then replaced by the Cathedral. Making it central to the cardinal points and ranked in the following decades the churches and convents of friars, forming a cross on the city. To the west was introduced convent and church of San Francisco in the heart of the ancient indigenous population, with the "flea market" or market square in front toward the east, San Augustine, on the north, the Mercy, and south Santo Domingo, also with a square border.
Old Indian roads into the city, on the north and south, remained in use and survive within the Historic Center without following the English grid. This is evident in the current road from Guayaquil to San Blas goes diagonally across the plaza from the theater, to play in the street grid foundation Olmedo. The same happens in the south exit, part of the corner of the Plaza de Santo Domingo to the narrowest site in the valley of the vultures, where it is crossed, to proceed to a site in the Machángara equally narrow.
so hard in this area, the grid had to adapt to the conditions of the field. On the one hand the steep slopes forced the implementation of platforms for the construction, by preemption, retaining walls and filling, trying to make the best out of the land. The central streets are relatively flat, but there are some very steep, as the "Cuesta del Sigh" two blocks from the Plaza Grande or climbing to the hill of San Juan. These streets were superseded from the second half of the nineteenth century, to reduce and improve the flush pending for horse-drawn carts. However, the biggest changes came with the arrival in the early twentieth century, automobiles produce many times the neighbors severe accessibility problems, because when you get off the street level, the houses stayed in their original levels several meters above debiéndose solving various ways this problem.
Limited as the city was the ravines and hills, with the growth of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it became necessary to fill the ravine Sanguña to gain this valuable space. The procedure used was very clever, for after the water channel running in the background, we constructed a culvert with a bed of stone and brick vault, was filled with dirt and debris, but to build on this land so poor were made many brick vaults, with other inverted vaults below, uniformly transmitting the load of new construction. Since initially to build a certain comfort is "absorbed" Sanguña the gorge in blocks longer and that in some way along the grid streets matched with certain sections of it, once covered, these blocks were longer than the rest. In the late nineteenth century began filling the valleys on the periphery, an action that continued until mid-twentieth century, leaving open only the sections near Machángara.
Actually longitudinal center streets, ie ranging from Bun to San Juan, attend counseling southwest - northeast, but for convenience we speak of streets south - north. The cross streets more or less intersect at right angles to the previous but if you look carefully a map of the historic center, it is clear the irregularity of the path, so that many of the blocks have a trapezoidal shape.
Another factor that altered the regularity of the checkerboard, was the presence of large convent property, which prevented the continuation of many streets. But the grid changed direction when passing peripheral streams, as the streets should follow the ways of the hills, as in the case of the blocks at the foot of the Roll or Itchimbía. There are two sections of the city with its own orientation, which results from the occupation of the hills southeast of the center. The Call Loma Grande, after the convent of Santo Domingo, is bounded on the west by the creek and east Jerusalem, with that of Manon or de los Milagros, having drawn on the top of Main Street long and short side streets spilling into the valleys. The same plot is given in the hills of San Marcos but the streams that limit, west of the Miracles and east of the Itchimbía, join the final, so some of the smallest streets, turn around along the horizontal.
: Quito's economy
In the early years of the colonial economy of the region of Quito was oriented towards mining, but controversies between miners and trustees for the exploitation of indigenous labor, hard and annihilating it meant the mining work and the reduced quality of metals led to stagnation in this activity.
Moreover, the explosive development of mining in Peru and Potosí reoriented the economy of the Real Audiencia de Quito mainly to the large textile mills of the north central Sierra, which had started in the last third of the sixteenth century . Both the manufacturing and marketing of the fabrics had special prominence in the seventeenth century, with the local Indian market and in general the Viceroyalty of Peru as their target. This Quito way joined in a complex commercial network developed from the silver mining in Potosi mine shaft, but also reached as far north as Panama, and Cartagena de Indias Portovelo, where goods were introduced to Castilla Quito territory. Of economic surplus from the sale of textiles and other major manufacturers, such as imagery and painting, is that resources were obtained for the implementation of the magnificent architecture and works of art, focused almost exclusively on religion , which took place in Quito in nearly three centuries of colonial period.
should not forget that coastal agricultural exports began in the eighteenth century, especially with large shipments of cocoa, and also the yard's activities boost the economy of Guayaquil, Quito, but the impact was minor.
: colonial architecture
religion exerted great influence in the life of colonial society. The Catholic Church dominated both their spiritual and material power and political in the personal and collective life, profoundly relations, customs and human consciousness. In addition, the city layout and architecture were made from their spiritual interests and temporary. Therefore, the company began serving the Church was the most valuable thing: his children, his wealth and creativity, all for "greater glory of God."
Religious architecture was the most important. It used the best materials, techniques developed great skill and extraordinary artistic sensibility. Thus grew temples and monasteries, chapels and shrines, and secluded monasteries, all filled with splendid sculptures, beautiful paintings, rich ornaments and silverware. For this work was incorporated at a very early date labor indigenous and mestizo, he learned quickly to use new tools, unknown materials like brick and limestone and new construction systems, dominated by large wooden ceilings, arches, domes and cupolas. It is noteworthy that the Spaniards systematically shunned manual activities and in particular those related to construction.
is essential to remember that architecture Quito was structurally conditioned by the high seismicity of the territory, which led to the development of less slender buildings. The tremors and earthquakes also affected in one way or another to the buildings already erected and in many cases large areas affected, forcing costly repairs that took advantage in many opportunities to expand or improve the existing artistically.
two periods are distinguished monumental religious architecture of Quito. The first, ranging from the founding until the early seventeenth century, is dominated by longitudinal spaces compartmentalized, with clear Mudejar influence, where the ships were covered with Moorish armor loop. The decorative elements and composition of the facades are generally Mannerist patterns, where it is clear the use of architectural treatises, being the clearest example and important church of San Francisco (110). The second period began with the construction of the church of the Society of Jesus (77), in which used barrel vault to cover the ship and raises a mate on the cruise, baroque style dominating schemes.
should be noted that neither the Baroque and other styles in there was a transposition of European schematic, there was rather a strong local reinterpretation of American character, Andes and Quito. No known plants were used "moving", so typical of the Baroque, as seen in Rome, but the Latin cross. The interiors of the churches were filled with abundance and richness of imagery and decorations. It is essential to remember that most of these works of art had a didactic function. The form of use of architectural and urban spaces marked the Baroque: processions, bullfights, music, dances and costumes, fireworks, plays, etc., Changed the atmosphere of the city, where squares, streets and churches , is full of forms, movement and sensation.
As one art historian:
"When pre-Columbian civilizations disappeared, leaving a fascinating ensemble of objects that have not yet revealed all its secrets ... with the coming of the English and the conquest of Quito, much of the existing sculpture was destroyed, covered, and new geological layers to hide oldest. "
" The English brought all the baggage of their civilization: language and customs, bureaucracy and religion, philosophy and social hierarchies. ... What began as a hostile confrontation between the conquerors and conquered, evolved into a creative amalgam, so that when the English were finally forced to withdraw, was an indelible cultural imprint. "
" ... in the city he was clearly a new and predominant European orientation. The English had introduced a new atmosphere, urban, and it was here took place the most significant transformations. In the city there was the synthesis the mixing of different ethnic currents: English, Indian and black, had its greatest effect here, here met and merged several ideological currents. It was here in a silent moment their sides began to work in unison, so mysterious, and the city began to have its own soul. Here also heard the first cries of freedom and here we won the last battle for political autonomy. "
" It was also the city where the arts flourished, and flourished in Quito itself, because the concentration of monuments is such as well as the wealth of religious art, the historical center of Quito has been declared World Heritage, a heritage that all humanity can share. Although today is hard to find old Gothic vaults, monuments like the church and monastery of San Francisco stand as vivid memory of the Italian Renaissance and the magnificent facade of the Jesuit church of the Company, hailed the baroque. Among the numerous churches Quito save a treasure made up of paintings, ornaments, silver, wood-carved altarpieces, (y) sculptures ... "
(Gabrielle G. Palmer: Sculpture in the Audiencia of Quito)
: The image of the city
Accompanying architecture monumental, they were building modest homes at the beginning of a single plant and other religious buildings, such as parishes, closing monasteries, convents collection, chapels of private devotions, etc.
residential architecture, as opposed to religious architecture, was very simple, we decided to put the examples Andalusian central courtyard and corridors, the atmosphere of Quito. We searched for practical solutions to primarily meet the needs of shelter, safety and privacy of the family. Were used modest materials such as adobe and wood, with such success that the model, without major changes, was passed from generation to generation until the first decades of the twentieth century. Also built several other buildings including the hospital or the Royal Houses.
All this architecture is framed in a particular natural scenery, the landscape is always present in the green hills and mountains that surround it. The vagaries of topography Quito cause a myriad of views and perspectives and from this natural vantage points from which to admire beautiful panoramic view over the city are on the horizon of the snowy white moles.
It cited art historian states:
"The ancient whitewashed buildings and sloping tiled roofs, creating a rhythmic movement down to empty the sides of Pichincha, the dormant volcano that rises above the city. A sacred eighth highest rise the domes and towers of the numerous monasteries and churches that are at the heart of colonial Quito ... As a serious and measured ecclesiastical chess match, each order discreetly moves within its own domain, even if each of its members navigate within the compass of his pious life and dedicated. The great doors of the churches embrace deep shadows, and once inside, its high vaulted spaces resonate with the massive thunder mass prayer and sparkling golden altarpieces with the dim light of candles. "
" Although the churches are always full of life, their clau Stros ¬ respond to a quieter time. Its ancient walls that isolate the devotional life of the temptations of the nearby world stunned, keep oaths of silence and abstinence. In the convents of nuns, exquisite arched galleries reflect each other, silently, through the geometric gardens tidy. Contain a patient's daily prayer wheel, which affects a whisper wrap up and down endless, the pulse of life itself, the soft sound of her heart. Invoking a primitive rite, eliciting a rhythmic dirge of the soul. From within this ardent Catholic faith, with its special intensity and fervor English proselytizing born Quito colonial art. "
(Gabrielle G. Palmer: Idem)
: Quito, Ecuador's capital
libertarian movements in the English colonies in America began on August 10, 1809, with the proclamation Quito a Sovereign Board, independent of the English. After a fierce struggle, independence was sealed in the Battle of Pichincha on May 24, 1822, when American troops led by General Antonio José de Sucre triumphed over the royalists, led by General Melchor Aymerich. After a few years belong to the great dream of Gran Colombia, devised by the genius of Simon Bolivar, and to his political failure, the May 13, 1830 was established in Quito of Ecuador and this city is ratified as the new state capital.
The early years of republican life was very difficult due to the leader's interests and economic bankruptcy, resulting from the long wars of independence. Quito's situation did not change but when the state's economy recovered and got some political stability.
From 1860, with President Gabriel García Moreno, began modernizing changes in the city and country. In Quito, improved streets and squares in the center and incorporated some green areas to the delight of the stale landed aristocracy and the emerging merchant class. To meet its project architects made use of some Europeans who hired who, together with the Jesuit scientists who established the Polytechnic School, not only built a few public buildings, but also formed the first national architects.
late nineteenth century, the city was approaching 50,000. The new architectural models, which broke the English colonial tradition, distinguished by the use of neoclassic lines characterized by the sober Italian or German-inspired lines.
June 25 opened the 1908 regular train service between Quito and the port of Guayaquil, which ended the isolation of the capital. It expanded the commercial area, accelerated internal migration, we created a basic infrastructure (water, sewer, electricity, trams, telephones, etc..) And came up with new strength in the architecture model that incorporated new materials such as Portland cement and iron, at first using the same railroad tracks.
European architects The presence of immigrants or passing some Quito and trained in the old continent were widely made in new buildings the use of Eclecticism. However, in the construction of temples that were built replacing old colonial structures or undervalued in the reconstruction of others who had suffered from the earthquakes of 1859 and 1868, was preferably used Neo-Gothic or Romanesque. With the strengthening of public finances in the first decades of the twentieth century the city developed in some major equipment projects by the state, referring specifically to the area of \u200b\u200beducation and health.
The rapid development of coastal agricultural exports led to a remarkable growth of Guayaquil, which reached 70,000 inhabitants at the beginning of the twentieth century, while Quito exceeded 50,000. From this time the port grew at a faster rate, far outpacing the capital to become a major center of agricultural and industrial development, attracting much of the impoverished population of the Sierra. Moreover, in the first decades of the century began in Quito a gradual change in the center.
The city had grown steadily since the 1920's, joining the urban structure of the colonial town of La Magdalena, south, following the Bun. Moreover, the upper classes sought new forms of land use, because their lifestyle had changed dramatically in relation to their parents and grandparents, and nineteenth century structures or colonial aphthous did not meet their expectations. With modernity came new and unexpected concept called "comfort" and this led to the gradual abandonment of the center, rising in the northern suburbs of the "developments" of old houses and estates privately within the framework of "garden city" with detached houses, wide avenues with trees, etc. This was made possible by the emergence of a new protagonist in urban life: the automobile. The spaces that were abandoned in the center were quickly cornered by immigrants from nearby provinces as tenants, thus beginning the process of deterioration of the old city, it grew population density significantly.
1940, the urban space of the city was clearly divided into social classes: the south, the station attracted a fledgling industrial park and this the proletariat and a poor middle class, the center continued as administrative and commercial hub of the city with a large population of middle class, and the north would house the bourgeoisie in their new neighborhoods. This division is devoted few years after the first master plan for the city, which sought to define their future. With the expansion of the city, the urban space of concentric spent in the old city, linear, constrained by the limitations topography, growing especially towards the north.
In short, the plan drawn up by Uruguayan architect Guillermo Jones Odriozola between 1942 and 1944, sought an urban expansion to the existing 4.5 times (975 ha) and a population of 700,000 for 2000. It was suggested functional division of the city from three key activities: housing, jobs and recreation, corresponding to the spatial configuration of the city, working-south, and residential media-center-north, the definition of a new administrative center functional centers religious, commercial, administrative, academic and sports related to each other through large arterial roads, and a significant allocation of space for schools, recreation and development pathways. Although the plan could not be implemented fully because of its high cost, due to the huge proportion of public areas for the equipment, its general guidelines shaped the city for the next half century.
residential architecture of the city at that time was enriched by the presence of new European architects who fled the political plight of the Old Continent sought refuge in the country, making some unique projects. They introduced new design concepts related to the most advanced current architecture Europe, especially with the Bauhaus. However, these models are not generalized, because the local builders, many of them without formal training, were very attached to traditional forms of Eclectic architecture. University studies are limited to civil engineering, architecture briefly educate themselves, especially on issues of history of styles.
However, some civil engineering professionals had special fondness for the architectural design and personal study skills, became acceptable architects who worked primarily on architectural designs Neocolonial, current at that time deeply rooted in Quito.
later created the School of Architecture, affiliated to the Faculty of Engineering of the Universidad Central del Ecuador, becoming independent in 1959, when he established the School of Architecture and Urbanism. Its foundation was made possible through the efforts of professionals trained Quito in the United States, who along with other foreign architects based in Quito became his first teachers. In this way the city began in academic training in architecture and the systematic introduction of modern thought and international forms.
However, all these changes meant the generalization of models and systems modern in the city, because until the mid-twentieth century continued use, especially popular in architecture, techniques and materials of colonial origin, such as adobe and lime, these types of construction represent the largest volume of work due to the self.
In urban planning terms, given the evidence that Jones Odriozola plan had been implemented on a partial and only once had the top local professionals after the creation of the Faculty of Architecture and Planning, the Municipality undertook in 1967 a new regulatory plan. The visible results of this new instrument had to do primarily with the regulation: land use (minimum dimensions and room for lots, building height, retreats, coefficients of intensity and land use, etc.) zoning, population distribution, location of equipment in city, neighborhood and neighborhood, and the study of a larger system of routes with two longitudinal axes, one on each side of the city, interconnected with five cross-cutting steps. Attracted special attention in the assessment plan and proposal for the Historic Center.
: Historical Center and the metropolitan area (1973-1990)
Unlike other American cities America, urban development during the twentieth century until 1970 not played mostly the old part of Quito, Ecuador for when the economy had improved significantly, to enter oil exploration as key item, the city had grown especially to the north. It was this sector which received a great rush construction, saving the center of an urban renewal, such as had occurred in other Latin American cities.
The old part of the city was enriched by the contributions architectural built after the colonial period, although between 30 and 70, some buildings with reinforced concrete structure broke their unity, especially by reaching new heights and the volumes of "box" they used. Also caused serious losses in the built heritage, the demolition of the ancient walls of the Monastery of the Conception and the overthrow of the old city hall and the adjacent houses in the Plaza Grande. Fortunately, even though Jones Odriozola plan proposed to facilitate the transit street widening Venezuela and Guayaquil-spanning longitudinally-central, few new buildings were built in the historic area by the lack of resources. Those who rose above are set back from the factory line, leaving some "teeth" in these streets, but they failed to alter their appearance. Moreover, the urban structure is largely preserved, although some parts were damaged, paradoxically per share in the same municipality. The construction of road tunnels in West and transit facilities at its ends within the Historic Center, and the opening of the Avenida Pichincha, from San Blas to the Marina, are the two works that had more impact. Despite these attacks, or following them in the city gradually developed a preservationist consciousness, by the lone voices crying coming from previous decades.
Legal actions for the protection of the historic center were implemented in various municipal ordinances on improved since 1967. The enacted in 1984 incorporated some unique homogeneous and isolated buildings built between 1930 and 1950. Moreover, cultural values \u200b\u200baccumulated in this urban area, amid a landscape of outstanding natural beauty and its good condition, led to Unesco in 1978 declared the Historic Center of Quito, or belonging to cultural heritage of humanity.
By 1973 we defined a new proposal for land use planning, with a choice of density and spatial decentralization of development area Metropolitan Quito, with a trend to expand treatment, housing, social integration, residential, industrial development, traffic and transportation. This plan raised the first regional conceptualization of the city (metropolitan area of \u200b\u200bQuito). The territory was acting on more than 100,000 ha, being about 7,000, urban.
In 1981 another plan was formulated largely sustained in the former. This time wanted to have an instrument of urban and legal system designed to monitor, standardize and streamline the physical development of the city and its metropolitan area. Expected for the year 2000 an area close to 120,000 ha, with a more than three million population and city limits of around 9,000 hectares for a population of 1.5 million inhabitants. This plan had no application, because the reality exceeded expectations, so that no additional phases planned continued.
: The current situation
In the last quarter century Quito endured rapid population growth and profound transformation of its urban structure, as evidenced by the appearance of peripheral squatter settlements, a tertiary Historical Center and its rapid overcrowding. Noteworthy is the development of dormitory towns in the surrounding valleys, a phenomenon that has transformed Quito in a metropolitan area with properties covering over 100,000 hectares and has a population of more than 2'200 .000, .000 1'800 corresponding to the urban area.
However, more than 36,000 ha are vacant due to speculative game of trading land. As a logical consequence of this phenomenon, the average density of Quito decreases each year, because despite the increase in population by almost 100,000 inhabitants per year and another day for temporary migration, unoccupied areas increase, causing the urban perimeter extended to push their limits to inappropriate areas to live because of geological risk, volcanic, seismic or being of ecological or landscape conservation, recreation, steep slopes, etc. This has led to very difficult for the municipal government for failure to extend the network infrastructure and providing basic services to an ever-expanding area, as at the beginning of the twenty-first century the city is close to 50 km in length.
This state is reflected in the accumulated housing deficit, exceeding 90,000 units, a historical center where an estimated 80,000 people living in slum conditions and about 300,000 in squatter suburbs, as opposed a minority which enjoys all the services and facilities in the city.
In 1988, the municipal government initiated a policy of regaining control over growth and city government, the spirit that has remained in successive administrations. To this end, it raised various programs, based on the need for a new administrative structure, so the project was legal recognition of the Metropolitan District to control the actual area involved in the metropolitan area developed in the last quarter century and is dispersed under the administration of various municipalities and other decentralized government institutions, as well as private initiative. This new organization aims to clarify the role of Quito and the District within the territorial organization, regional and national levels and was approved by Act of Congress in December 1993, but without involving neighboring municipalities or alter their boundaries, as legislators wanted to avoid political problems. At the same time, the municipality of Quito developed policies of democratization in the management and city administration, decentralization, to strengthen the municipality within the structure of government and citizen participation fostered.
The Territorial Development Plan of Quito, with insights to 2020, is a set of analysis and policies in order to foster the development of the city. Although metropolitan center, Quito suffers from problems like an imperfect transport system, environmental degradation and a confused identity: a "set of microidentidades" rather than an identity of Quito, to say the studies of the Directorate General of Planning. Once detected these symptoms, among others, the Municipality has proposed to balance the population distribution, provide the transport system of the city's best routes and obsolescence-free units and clean environment. Since the creation of the Metropolitan District Law and the Law of Decentralization (in this national context), the organization and functioning of local government has achieved as the expansion of the transport system through the trolley and rehabilitation of important areas that are part of the artistic heritage of the city.
With government plans to give the city a better position are more comprehensive. For the year 2020 has established a demand for more than 200,000 new housing, the care it would start as from 2000, the repair of 4,500 units and the construction of about 22,900 homes each year. It is estimated that this year in the Metropolitan district will live 3'300 .000 people in an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 420,000 hectares. In addition to these factors is included in the management plan the rehabilitation of several metropolitan subcenters as the Equator, Carapungo or Oyambaro, where they built the new airport. The valleys of Kumbaya, Tumbaco and Los Chillos, near Quito, will also be enabled. Quito has no areas for development, as Nanegal, Nanegalito, Perucho or San José de Minas, which deserve special attention for their value ecosystem, agricultural or cultural history.
In addition to general and rehabilitation projects of historic and artistic heritage, plans for Quito include "equipment productive ": enabling markets, a new city airport and a convention and exhibition center at the current airport, among others, and" recreational equipment "watershed sanitation (Machángara, Monjas, San Pedro, Chiche) and Under parks (Metropolitan Itchimbía Inca Trail linear park). The adoption of this plan depends on the City Council of the Metropolitan District of Quito.
: Historic Preservation Center Then
a long period of neglect and abandonment, both national authorities and in the same municipality, in the 1988 took the decision to intervene in the historical center, due to the serious consequences of the earthquakes in March 1987. In the great monuments, more than damage to bell towers and domes, appeared old injuries accumulated over an intense seismic hidden by cosmetic interventions. In residential architecture became apparent especially in the dissemination of journalism, not just the physical damage to earthquakes, but also caused severe disruptions to the old houses by the unplanned growth and lack of minimal maintenance, as well as demonstrated the social ills of poverty, urban blight and overcrowding.
The City began its new policy toward the historic center developing a "Master of Rehabilitation Plan" for the purpose of providing comprehensive treatment to historic development, combining the safeguarding, preservation and rehabilitation. To be created by Act of the National Fund for Cultural Heritage Salvage (FONSAL) for exclusive use in safeguarding the cultural heritage of Quito, was responsible for administration of City Hall and proposed actions aimed primarily at the rehabilitation of public areas architectural restoration. In general the FONSAL figures with annual resources of about 1.5 million dollars and has carried out some 400 projects until 2000.
This intense local efforts facilitated the participation of international institutions (UNESCO, Inter-American Development Bank, JP Getty Foundation, etc.) And the cooperation of friendly governments and other agencies as the Board of Andalusia, in the conservation effort and development of this good of humanity. Most notable was the development of consciousness of the inhabitants of Quito towards the protection of cultural heritage.
studies and projects implemented by the Municipality FONSAL and can be grouped into monumental restoration, improvement of infrastructure; transport and equipment peatonización, technical and technological development, informal trade, allocation, renewal and improvement of urban infrastructure, tourism development, culture and dissemination, environmental protection and landscape administrative decentralization.
housing rehabilitation holds a special place, as in the historic center has its own peculiarities. In Ecuador, the law charges the Central Government housing issues and not to municipalities. For this reason the works executed by the Municipality in this field are made solely on municipal or other properties that do not entail legal obstacles, because the conditions of tenure and occupation of the tenancies are very complex.
intervention
The best known example is the "Casa de los Siete Patios" (119), considered one of the most characteristic Quito houses. It was acquired by the Municipality in 1971, not only for its symbolic value in the historical center, but also that accommodate more than 300 people, the City intended to contribute to solving the problems of overcrowding. However, this decision was not just a populist and rhetorical act, because nothing was done for years. The deterioration was progressive house, remaining practically in the hands of tenants, who made great efforts to preserve it. 20 years after its acquisition, the City began its rehabilitation through their commitment and the decisive contribution of the Junta de Andalucía, both the agency's experience in similar projects as a significant economic contribution. Part of the recovered resources are invested now in new housing rehabilitation projects, such as the "Casa Ponce" and "Penalillo", also in collaboration with the Andalusian. In other urban and social context, on the northern edge of the Historic Center with the cooperation of the French NGO Pact Arim, City Hall is developing rehabilitation projects in various buildings on the streets Caldas and Briceno.
After accumulating experience, the City insisted on more ambitious projects of greater scope and significance, to produce a wider impact in the Historic Center. For this purpose made a project funded by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) for heritage conservation and economic revival and social center. The study identified more than 40 privately owned properties, with the participation of their owners, could be restored and integrated into the rehabilitation process with many uses residential, commercial and services that could generate new initiatives in the area.
To carry out this project, Development Company created the Historic Center (ECH), an institution with the participation of private capital which is responsible for managing the funds of the IDB, which together with local contributions exceeded $ 51 million suitability for urban programs: improving infrastructure, equipment and furniture, sanitation, urban quality: decontamination, cleaning, security, etc., economic management, institutional strengthening cultural appropriation. On the other hand must be coordinated to achieve participatory project for the improvement of public safety, traffic, tourism and others, in order to get a habitable environment.
: final reflection
By looking at the distant city from Paris in 1920, the intellectual pondering Zaldumbide Gonzalo Quito to overthrow the absurd purpose of building of the former Jesuit university, built in the mid seventeenth century:
"...¿ be that far away is best learned to love? It finds itself far away as much as others and also that it is outside - even beautiful, magnificent , incomparable - you needed to fill essential: to be ours, that first of all, after all, is to be ours. Found not to have but one heart to love, and this is the image and likeness of birth: you can not love it but the same, although sometimes fascinates us so different ... "
" Let us So do the same to be his own, without asking for more, than anything else because we will perhaps in addition. And let us all, all, one more, which less, we are the prodigal son of something, someone, everyone back to the first love, our parents' house. And that far back, the better test. "Gonzalo Zaldumbide
: Reflections after Centennial celebrations
Alfonso Ortiz Crespo
Quito, February 2001
Milena Velba With Daughter
Poetry on the road
[Prebienal Events: Poetry track ]
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[Prebienal Events: Poetry track ]
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From poetry ...
is clear that the city is a place where imagination combine to transit from one place to another. The city does not exist in itself, but has a body that is built based on the various branches that form. Thus, the city seen from a literary perspective, there is the extent to which one thinks, is singing and the muses. The poetic work that takes into account the city, is intrinsically linked to architecture, as this is the poetry of the forms and structures. In short, the poetry and architecture mislaid: the one from the floor and the other from the form without mutually exclusive. This project is established in this endeavor, enabling the symbiosis of word and form, offers the possibility of thinking of the city from the two categories.
From the ...
The primary objective of the event is to explore how merging the city, architecture and poets that inhabit it. The relationships between the environment and the artistic expression of a people are inextricably linked. No one can speak of modern poetry without reference to the emergence of the industrial city and the new consciousness that was made between its tracks, in their neighborhoods and cafes, with their chimneys and deposits. In this new era of mega-urbanization GLOCALIDADES mass migration, it is worth pausing to think about new ways that contemporary poetry is gaining in Quito, a city overflowing its banks at an unprecedented rate, as is full of cars and steam, while paving the environment in a uncontrollable shaking.
Gaston Bachelard in his book The Poetics of Space , aims to uncover the deep structures that take shape in the field of myth and poetry from space made concrete and tangible. The metaphors of heaven and hell, the attic and basement, the threshold, the maze are just some of the telluric forces that open field to inject power vital to the poetry of authors like Baudelaire.
A collaboration between the Architecture Biennale Quito and Alliance Française made this interesting meeting between architects, poets and citizens allowed us to explore the poetics of our space, of Quito, in this city of monasteries, hives , streams and tombs, through the voices finally "audible" of our young poetry.
participants Poets: Christian Arteaga, Samuel Tituaña, Fernando Escobar, Walter Jimbo, Marcelo Villa, Jorge Gomez, Edison Lasso, Carlos Luis Ortiz, Alex Tupiza, and Edwin Javier Madrid Ceval
is clear that the city is a place where imagination combine to transit from one place to another. The city does not exist in itself, but has a body that is built based on the various branches that form. Thus, the city seen from a literary perspective, there is the extent to which one thinks, is singing and the muses. The poetic work that takes into account the city, is intrinsically linked to architecture, as this is the poetry of the forms and structures. In short, the poetry and architecture mislaid: the one from the floor and the other from the form without mutually exclusive. This project is established in this endeavor, enabling the symbiosis of word and form, offers the possibility of thinking of the city from the two categories.
From the ...
The primary objective of the event is to explore how merging the city, architecture and poets that inhabit it. The relationships between the environment and the artistic expression of a people are inextricably linked. No one can speak of modern poetry without reference to the emergence of the industrial city and the new consciousness that was made between its tracks, in their neighborhoods and cafes, with their chimneys and deposits. In this new era of mega-urbanization GLOCALIDADES mass migration, it is worth pausing to think about new ways that contemporary poetry is gaining in Quito, a city overflowing its banks at an unprecedented rate, as is full of cars and steam, while paving the environment in a uncontrollable shaking.
Gaston Bachelard in his book The Poetics of Space , aims to uncover the deep structures that take shape in the field of myth and poetry from space made concrete and tangible. The metaphors of heaven and hell, the attic and basement, the threshold, the maze are just some of the telluric forces that open field to inject power vital to the poetry of authors like Baudelaire.
A collaboration between the Architecture Biennale Quito and Alliance Française made this interesting meeting between architects, poets and citizens allowed us to explore the poetics of our space, of Quito, in this city of monasteries, hives , streams and tombs, through the voices finally "audible" of our young poetry.
participants Poets: Christian Arteaga, Samuel Tituaña, Fernando Escobar, Walter Jimbo, Marcelo Villa, Jorge Gomez, Edison Lasso, Carlos Luis Ortiz, Alex Tupiza, and Edwin Javier Madrid Ceval
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